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Submarine groundwater discharge to the coastal environment of a Mediterranean island (Majorca, Spain): Ecosystem and biogeochemical significance

机译：向地中海小岛（西班牙马略卡岛）沿海环境排放的海底地下水：生态系统和生物地球化学意义

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This article reports the results of a study of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) to coastal waters of Majorca (NW Mediterranean). The overall aim is to evaluate the relevance of SGD of the island and chemically characterize the components that are supplied to the coastal waters through this pathway. Although other discharge areas are identified, we particularly focus on SGD in bays and areas of increased sea water residence time where effects of the discharges are expected to be most notable. Analysis at four selected embayments with different land-use characteristics indicated a link between human activities (mainly agriculture and urban) and compounds arriving to the coast. A pathway for these elements is the diffuse discharge along the shoreline, as suggested by the inverse relationship between salinity and nutrients in nearshore porewaters. A general survey was conducted at 46 sites around the island, and used dissolved radium as a qualitative indicator of SGD. Measurements of nutrients (P and N), pCO2 and TOC were performed to characterize the elements delivered to the coastal environment. Most nearshore samples showed 224Ra enrichment (mean ± SE, 7.0 ± 0.6 dpm 100 l-1) with respect to offshore waters (1. 1 ± 0.2 dpm 100 l-1); however, 224Ra measurements along the coast were highly variable (1.0-38.1 dpm 100 l-1). Coastal samples with enhanced radium levels showed elevated pCO2 with respect to atmospheric concentrations, which together with high pCO2 in groundwater (>5,000 ppm) indicates that SGD is an important vector of CO2 to coastal waters. Moreover, a relationship between 224Ra and phytoplankton biomass was established, suggesting an important impact of SGD on coastal productivity. The results presented here provide a first approximation of the SGD effect in the coastal waters of Majorca, and indicate that SGD could be an important source of nutrients and CO2 to the coast, strongly influencing the productivity and biogeochemical cycling of the coastal waters of Majorca. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
机译：本文报告了对马略卡岛（地中海西北部）沿海水域的海底地下水排放（SGD）的研究结果。总体目标是评估该岛与SGD的相关性，并对通过该途径供应给沿海水域的成分进行化学表征。尽管确定了其他排放区域，但我们特别关注海湾和海水滞留时间增加的地区的SGD，在这些区域中，排放影响最明显。对四个选定的具有不同土地利用特征的隔离点的分析表明，人类活动（主要是农业和城市活动）与到达海岸的复合物之间存在联系。这些元素的途径是沿海岸线的扩散排放，正如近岸孔隙水中盐度和养分之间的反比关系所表明的那样。在该岛周围的46个地点进行了总体调查，并使用溶解的镭作为SGD的定性指标。对营养素（P和N），pCO2和TOC进行测量以表征输送到沿海环境的元素。相对于近岸水域（1.1。±0.2 dpm 100 l-1），大多数近岸样品显示出224 Ra富集（平均值±SE，7.0±0.6 dpm 100 l-1）；但是，沿海岸的224 Ra测量值变化很大（100-3 dpm为1.0-38.1 dpm）。镭含量升高的沿海样品显示相对于大气浓度而言，pCO2升高，这与地下水中的高pCO2（> 5,000 ppm）一起表明SGD是向沿海水域输送CO2的重要媒介。此外，建立了224 Ra与浮游植物生物量之间的关系，这表明SGD对沿海生产力具有重要影响。此处提供的结果提供了SGD在马略卡岛沿海水域的效果的第一近似值，并表明SGD可能是通往海岸的重要养分和CO2的重要来源，极大地影响了马略卡岛沿海水域的生产力和生物地球化学循环。 ©2010 Springer Science + Business Media，LLC。

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